The temple is located to the right of the road leading to the Near and Far Caves.

Some scholars suggest that during the era of Kievan Rus, the Dmitriiv Monastery, built at the expense of Grand Prince Iziaslav Yaroslavich (11th century), stood on this site. In the 1120s, a wooden temple was built here, which became the property of the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery and was consecrated in honor of the Resurrection of Christ. Initially, its parishioners were mainly monastery peasants (the parish had jurisdiction over 100 households) and merchants visiting fairs. Later, the congregation expanded to include officers of various ranks, as the Pechersk Fortress citadel and the residence of Kyiv's general governors were nearby.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the church was visited by many notable figures. Additionally, its parishioners included gardeners, doctors, translators, potters, carpenters, and others. The temple’s courtyard and buildings often served as shelters and resting places for monastery pilgrims, especially the poorest ones, offering a place to spend the night and refuge from bad weather, heat, or cold.

In 1786, after the secularization of monastic land holdings, the temple became a city parish church.

The current stone church, replacing the wooden one, was built between 1701 and 1705 on the initiative and at the expense of Kyiv Cossack Colonel Kostiantyn Mokiievsky.

In the 1780s, renowned architects such as P. Sparro, Academician V. Nikolaev, E. Ermakov, and S. Kolivanov restored it.

Before the 1887 fire, the church had three altars:

The main one, in honor of the Resurrection of Christ.

The second, in honor of the Apostles Peter and Paul.

The third, dedicated to the Nativity of the Virgin (on the second floor).

After the fire, only the main altar remained. The church was thoroughly repaired, with tiled stoves and wooden choir stalls installed.

In 1863, at the initiative of the church rector, Archpriest Dmytro Zhdanov, a three-tiered brick bell tower was added to the church. The third tier housed nine bells, the largest weighing 29 poods and 20 pounds.

Two gates lead to the church courtyard: one from the north, near the Lavra, and another from the west. These gates were built in 1906 by mason Mykola Shelhunov, decorated with columns, cornices, domes, and gilded crosses. They were also adorned with icons painted by master artist Olha Zahvozdina in 1906.

In 1916, electric lighting was installed in the courtyard and the church for the first time.

In 1916, the church was damaged by artillery shells, severely affecting its interiors. The roof remained absent for a long time, and atmospheric precipitation caused the murals to deteriorate.

To this day, the iconostasis, murals, and relics of the church have been practically lost.

In the early 1980s, a major renovation was carried out.

The church is popularly called the "Afghan Church" because mothers of soldiers who died during the Soviet Union's military operations in Afghanistan made significant efforts to restore and renovate the church in the late 1980s and 1990s. A carved wooden iconostasis was installed, and the church was completely repainted.